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Jacco Macacco was a fighting ape or monkey who was exhibited in monkey-baiting matches at the Westminster Pit in London in the early 1820s. He achieved some measure of fame among the sporting community through his reputed prodigious record of victories against dogs, but was brought to wider attention by depiction in popular literature, artworks and by citation in speeches to Parliament by the animal welfare campaigner Richard Martin. Jacco's most famous fight, against the equally well-known bitch Puss, seems to have marked the end of his career: he may have died as a result of injuries received during the match or of an unrelated illness sometime afterwards. His ashes are housed at the True Crime Museum in Hastings, East Sussex.

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History[edit]

Most details on Jacco^{[note 2]} come from second-hand or fictionalized accounts. In Pictures of Sporting Life and Character (1860), William Pitt Lennox gives a detailed account of Jacco's career: he was landed at Portsmouth where he fought dogs in a number of local sporting arenas before being purchased by a London sporting impresario and transported to Hoxton from where he continued his career, fighting in the Chick Lane and Tottenham Court Road pits, and earned one of his monikers as the 'Hoxton Ape'. Lennox writes that after biting his owner he was sold to the proprietor of the Westminster Pit, Charles Aistrop.^{[1][note 3]}

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Although he was already somewhat famous, at the Westminster Pit Jacco's fights began to attract spectators from the higher reaches of society and considerable wagers were placed on his fights.^[2]

Aistrop gave a somewhat different account of Jacco's history. In a statement published in 1825 he claimed that Jacco had belonged to a sailor who had kept him for three years. Jacco had always been very calm but one day suddenly became aggressive over a saucer of milk and lacerated three of the sailor's fingers. The sailor had sold him to a silversmith called Carter from Hoxton. Carter had taught Jacco many tricks, but because the ape was extremely aggressive Carter had to purchase a large sheet of iron to use as a shield whenever he approached him. Carter finally tired of Jacco's constant attempts to attack him and took the ape into a nearby field where he set a dog on him. Jacco defeated both this dog and a second dog, and was then matched against a dog bred for fighting at Bethnal Green. When he also defeated this dog, his reputation began to grow and a fight was fixed for him at the Westminster Pit.^[3]

Lewis Strange Wingfield (1842–1891)^[4] wrote in his 1883 novel Abigail Rowe: a Chronicle of the Regency of an advertisement for a hundred guinea match between Jacco and 'Belcher's celebrated dog Trusty'.^{[5][note 4]}Pierce Egan also wrote about a battle between the 'monkey phenomenon' and a dog in his popular account of the adventures of the characters Tom and Jerry in various sporting venues, Scenes from London Life.^[6] Although Egan's account of Tom and Jerry's visit to the Westminster Pit to see the fight between Jacco and the dog is detailed and is accompanied by a fine print by George Cruikshank, it is a humorous fiction and even though it may be based on real events it is impossible to judge how accurate the record of the fight is.

It appears that there was at least one contest between Jacco and the equally renowned white bull and terrier bitch, Puss, who belonged to the former prizefighter Tom Cribb. The various accounts of the fight and its outcome appear contradictory: the two animals may have been matched more than once, so reports may be from different fights. Aistrop puts the date of the contest as 13 June 1821.^[3] Lennox gives the terms of the fight on which he reports as a wager of fifty pounds that Puss could either kill Jacco or last five minutes with him (almost double the length of time which any of Jacco's previous opponents had managed) and reported Jacco as the victor though he did not record the eventual fate of the dog.^[2]Thomas Landseer produced an etching from his own sketch of Fight between Jacko Maccacco a celebrated Monkey and Mr Tho. Cribbs well known bitch Puss which shows the two combatants locked together tearing at one another's throats.

Richard Martin, the MP for Galway who was known as 'Humanity Dick' for his philanthropy and constant attempts to introduce legislation improve the treatment of animals, gave an impassioned speech to Parliament in 1822 when introducing a bill to prevent the mistreatment of horses, cattle and sheep (his earlier attempt in 1821 had been defeated in the Lords). He claimed that he had seen a bill advertising a fight between Jacco and Puss:

Jacco Macacco, the celebrated monkey, will this day fight Tom Crib's white bitch, Puss. Jacco has fought many battles with some of the first dogs of the day, and has beat them all, and he hereby offers to fight any dog in England of double his own weight.^[7]

The result, according to Martin, was that after the fight had gone on for half an hour the dog had its carotid artery severed and Jacco's jaw had been torn away causing the death of both animals within two hours. Martin's bill passed,^{[8][note 5]} but later his accounts of acts of animal cruelty were challenged in Parliament. Protected by Parliamentary privilege, he could not be accused of lying, but opponents managed to discredit some of his claims of acts of cruelty.^[9] Martin also revised his own account of the outcome of Jacco and Puss's match when he used the fight as an example of cruelty in an 1824 speech, claiming that the dog had been killed, but although the monkey's jaw had been torn away he had not been humanely dispatched but 'allowed to languish in torment'.^[10]

Martin's version of Jacco's death was disputed by the owner of the Westminster Pit who claimed that Jacco had dealt with Puss in two and a half minutes (although he had not injured her fatally) and had died 15 months later of an unrelated illness. According to Aistrop, Jacco was then stuffed and sold to a Mr Shaw of Mitchum Common, which would have been impossible if the monkey's jaw was torn away.^[3] An account from George Charles Grantley Fitzhardinge Berkeley in My Life and Recollections also contradicted Martin's tale. Berkeley stated that he had attended the pit on the night of the match and had seen Tom Cribb cradling the dog's head in a suspicious manner before the fight began. When the dog was turned loose it immediately latched onto the monkey and gave Jacco no opportunity to fight back. Despite this the dog had appeared to be bleeding and slowly weakened. Cries from the audience eventually led to the contest being declared a draw and the two combatants were separated. Berkeley realised that Cribb had cut the dog before releasing it and this was confirmed by the unrepentant Cribb who claimed that it was for the purposes of giving the audience a good show.^[11] There is a possibility that the two animals fought twice: an extant poster from 1821 advertised a match between Jacco and a 19-pound bitch that was to take place on 27 November 1821 and referred to a match between Jacco and Puss that had already taken place.

Record and fighting style[edit]

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Jacco was reported to weigh 10 to 12 pounds (4.5 to 5.4 kg) and was pitched against dogs of up to twice his weight. The 1821 advertising broadsheet for his match against the 19 pounds (8.6 kg) bitch states he was open to challenges from 'any dog in England for 100 Guineas of 24lbs being double his own weight'.^[12] According to Lennox:

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His mode of attack, or rather of defence, was, at first, to present his back or neck to the dog, and to shift and tumble about until he could lay hold on the arm or chest, when he ascended to the windpipe, clawing and biting away, which usually occupied him about one minute and a half, and if his antagonist was not speedily with drawn, his death was certain; the monkey exhibited a frightful appearance, being deluged with blood — but it was that of his opponent alone; as the toughness and flexibility of his own skin rendered him impervious to the teeth of the dog.^[2]

Lennox writes that after several fights, Jacco adapted his technique and would overcome his canine opponents by leaping directly on their backs and manoeuvring himself into a position where he could tear at their windpipes while remaining out of reach of their jaws. Lennox reports him as having overcome fourteen opponents in total and the advertising broadsheet states he had already been involved in thirteen matches 'with some of the best dogs of the day including his combat with the wonderful bitch Puss of T. Cribbs and the famed Oxford one'.^{[12][note 6]}

Both Berkeley and Lawrence Fitz-Barnard (writing in Fighting Sports in 1922) cast doubt on Jacco's ability to beat any canine opponent in an un-rigged match though. Berkeley points to the bleeding of the dogs by Cribb and stresses the tendency of writers to exaggerate their accounts of simian ferocity and strength,^[11] while Fitz-Barnard dismisses out-of-hand the possibility of any but the largest apes being able to prevail against a fighting dog. Fitz-Barnard claims that Jacco was a 'stock performer and put up a great battle with an indifferent dog. The monkey was given a club to assist him...'^[13] Most accounts agree that Jacco was held in a small cage when not fighting and was secured by a short length of thin metal chain during his matches.^[6][11]

Identification[edit]

Which species of monkey or ape Jacco belonged to is unknown. Lennox initially describes him as coming from Africa, but later writes that he belonged to the Asian gibbon family:

Jacko was of that species of Simiae denominated the Gibbon, which sit with their forepaws upon the ground; he was of a cinerous or ashy colour, with black fingers and muzzle. ... In appearance he was neither old nor ugly.^[2]

Egan describes him as the 'famed Italian monkey',^[6] Umberto Cuomo writing in Il Bulldog in 2002 says he was probably a mandrill.^[14] Before Aistrop had acquired Jacco, he had featured a baboon at the Westminster Pit in an attempt to capitalise on Jacco's growing fame, but, according to Lennox, this had only served to emphasise Jacco's skill by comparison.^[2] Neither the Cruikshanks' aquatint nor Henry Aitken's depiction of Jacco fighting an unidentified opponent are detailed enough to identify Jacco's species, even if they are taken from life (the Cruickshanks are more interested in depicting the spectators than in the accuracy of the depiction of the monkey).^[15] Landseer's etching shows Jacco with a short tail and is annotated with '...from a sketch made at the time by himself', so it is liable to be the most accurate of the illustrations of Jacco. Aistrop described Jacco as 'canine mouthed and much larger than the common monkey'.^[3]

The term Macacco was in use as a general term for a monkey at the time; it came from the Portuguese macaco meaning 'monkey,' a derivative of a Bantu word that had been exported to Brazil where it was used to describe various type of monkey in the 17th century. As different authors applied the term to different species it is difficult to know which species, genus or family was meant.^[16] Macaca was given as a name to a widespread genus of Old World monkeys (the macaques) in 1799. Jaco was the specific name for a lemur and the term 'Macauco' was also in general use to mean lemur, but there is no suggestion that Jacco was a lemur — Lennox specifically discounts this, and credits Jacco's forename as deriving from the 'Jolly Jack Tars' that transported him to England and first observed his fighting abilities. Jacco's fame may have been associated with the rise of a Cockney slang word for a monkey 'Murkauker' in the middle of the 19th century (although this was already obsolete by the 1890s),^[17][18] and 'Jacco Macacco' itself was at least sometimes used as a generalised term for a monkey at the same period.^[19] Aistrop claimed that the sailor that had originally owned him had taken him from the 'Isle of Maccacco'.^[3]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Sutherland's version omits the large bloodstain spreading across the floor of the pit which Alken had included in the original print.
2. ^His name is seen with many spelling variations: 'Jaco Macacco', 'Jacco Macauco' 'Jacko Macaco' etc.
3. ^Aistrop's name is also seen with a variety of other spellings, such as Eystropp, Eastup, Eastrop, Eastop and even Westrop.
4. ^Probably Jem Belcher, a prizefighter and aficionado of dog fighting is meant, although Belcher died in 1811. 'Trusty', one of the earliest examples of a bull and terrier, was renowned around 1805, so his career would have not have overlapped with Jacco either.
5. ^'Martin's Act' received Royal Assent on 22 July 1822 becoming the first legislation in the world to give animals some measure of protection from cruelty
6. ^Wingfield writes in his novel that Jacco had beaten nine opponents at the time of the match with Belcher's dog.

Citations[edit]

1. ^The Observer, 5 January, 1829, p. 3.
2. ^ ^abcdeLennox 1896, pp. 162-167. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLennox1896 (help)
3. ^ ^abcdeMorning Chronicle, 15 March, 1825, p. 4.
4. ^Knight 2004.
5. ^Wingfield 1883, p. 69.
6. ^ ^abcEgan 1821, pp. 177-184.
7. ^Phillips 2003, pp. 167-168.
8. ^Ryder 2008.
9. ^Phillips 2003, p. 183.
10. ^The Observer, 29 February, 1824, p. 4.
11. ^ ^abcBerkeley 1865, pp. 100-103.
12. ^ ^ab1821 broadsheet
13. ^Fitz-Barnard 1983, p. 191.
14. ^Cuomo 2002, p. 25.
15. ^Arnold 1999, p. 53.
16. ^Denham 1987, p. 24.
17. ^Farmer 1896, p. 391.
18. ^Partridge 1973, p. 601.
19. ^George 1896.

Sources[edit]

Books

• Arnold, Dana (1999). The metropolis and its image: constructing identities for London, c. 1750-1950. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-0-631-21667-4.
• Berkeley, George Charles Grantley Fitzhardinge (1865). My Life and Recollections. London: Hurst and Blackett.
• Cuomo, Umberto (2002). Il Bulldog. Storia, educazione, alimentazione, allevamento, salute (in Italian). Elvetica Edizioni. ISBN978-88-86639-20-0.
• Denham, Woodrow W (1987). West Indian green monkeys: problems in historical biogeography. Karger.
• Egan, Pierce (1821). Life in London: or, The day and night scenes of Jerry Hawthorn, esq., and his elegant friend Corinthian Tom, accompanied by Bob Logic, the Oxonian, in their rambles and sprees through the metropolis. London: Sherwood, Neely & Jones.
• Farmer, John Stephen (1896). Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: Ice to Hyps. Harrison and Sons.
• Fitz-Barnard, Lawrence (1983) [1921]. Fighting Sports. Triplegate Ltd.
• George, Ben, ed. (1896), Peter Parley's Annual
• Lennox, Lord William Pitt (1860). Pictures of Sporting Life and Character. London: Hurst and Blackett.
• Partridge, Eric (1973). The Routledge dictionary of historical slang. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0-7100-7761-5.
• Phillips, Peter (2003). Humanity Dick: the eccentric member for Galway. London: Parapress. ISBN978-1-898594-76-5.
• Wingfield, Lewis Strange (1883). Abigail Rowe: a Chronicle of the Regency. London: Richard Bentley and Son.

Newspapers

• '[untitled]'. Morning Chronicle. London. 15 March 1825.
• 'Court of Chancery'. The Observer. London. 29 February 1824.
• 'Chinese Justice'. The Observer. London. 5 January 1829.

Journals and magazines

• Knight, Joseph (2004). 'Wingfield, Lewis Strange (1842–1891)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29738. Retrieved 22 October 2010.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)
• Ryder, Richard D. (2008) [2004]. 'Martin, Richard (1754–1834)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18207. Retrieved 22 October 2010.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)

These advanced steps are primarily for system administrators and others who are familiar with the command line. You don't need a bootable installer to upgrade macOS or reinstall macOS, but it can be useful when you want to install on multiple computers without downloading the installer each time.

What you need to create a bootable installer

• A USB flash drive or other secondary volume formatted as Mac OS Extended, with at least 14GB of available storage
• A downloaded installer for macOS Big Sur, Catalina, Mojave, High Sierra, or El Capitan

Download macOS

• Download: macOS Big Sur, macOS Catalina, macOS Mojave, or macOS High Sierra
  These download to your Applications folder as an app named Install macOS [version name]. If the installer opens after downloading, quit it without continuing installation. To get the correct installer, download from a Mac that is using macOS Sierra 10.12.5 or later, or El Capitan 10.11.6. Enterprise administrators, please download from Apple, not a locally hosted software-update server.
• Download: OS X El Capitan
  This downloads as a disk image named InstallMacOSX.dmg. On a Mac that is compatible with El Capitan, open the disk image and run the installer within, named InstallMacOSX.pkg. It installs an app named Install OS X El Capitan into your Applications folder. You will create the bootable installer from this app, not from the disk image or .pkg installer.

Use the 'createinstallmedia' command in Terminal

1. Connect the USB flash drive or other volume that you're using for the bootable installer.
2. Open Terminal, which is in the Utilities folder of your Applications folder.
3. Type or paste one of the following commands in Terminal. These assume that the installer is in your Applications folder, and MyVolume is the name of the USB flash drive or other volume you're using. If it has a different name, replace MyVolume in these commands with the name of your volume.

Big Sur:*

Catalina:*

Mac Os Catalina

Mojave:*

High Sierra:*

El Capitan:

* If your Mac is using macOS Sierra or earlier, include the --applicationpath argument and installer path, similar to the way this is done in the command for El Capitan.

After typing the command:

1. Press Return to enter the command.
2. When prompted, type your administrator password and press Return again. Terminal doesn't show any characters as you type your password.
3. When prompted, type Y to confirm that you want to erase the volume, then press Return. Terminal shows the progress as the volume is erased.
4. After the volume is erased, you may see an alert that Terminal would like to access files on a removable volume. Click OK to allow the copy to proceed.
5. When Terminal says that it's done, the volume will have the same name as the installer you downloaded, such as Install macOS Big Sur. You can now quit Terminal and eject the volume.
   

Use the bootable installer

Determine whether you're using a Mac with Apple silicon, then follow the appropriate steps:

Apple silicon

1. Plug the bootable installer into a Mac that is connected to the internet and compatible with the version of macOS you're installing.
2. Turn on your Mac and continue to hold the power button until you see the startup options window, which shows your bootable volumes.
3. Select the volume containing the bootable installer, then click Continue.
4. When the macOS installer opens, follow the onscreen instructions.

Intel processor

1. Plug the bootable installer into a Mac that is connected to the internet and compatible with the version of macOS you're installing.
2. Press and hold the Option (Alt) ⌥ key immediately after turning on or restarting your Mac.
3. Release the Option key when you see a dark screen showing your bootable volumes.
4. Select the volume containing the bootable installer. Then click the up arrow or press Return.
   If you can't start up from the bootable installer, make sure that the External Boot setting in Startup Security Utility is set to allow booting from external media.
5. Choose your language, if prompted.
6. Select Install macOS (or Install OS X) from the Utilities window, then click Continue and follow the onscreen instructions.

Learn more

A bootable installer doesn't download macOS from the internet, but it does require an internet connection to get firmware and other information specific to the Mac model.

For information about the createinstallmedia command and the arguments you can use with it, make sure that the macOS installer is in your Applications folder, then enter the appropriate path in Terminal:

En Jacca Mac OS