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The universal binary format is, in Apple parlance, a format for executable files that run natively on either PowerPC or Intel-manufactured IA-32 or Intel 64 or ARM64-based Macintosh computers. The format originated on NeXTStep as 'Multi-Architecture Binaries', and the concept is more generally known as a fat binary, as seen on Power Macintosh.

With the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard, and before that, since the move to 64-bit architectures in general, some software publishers such as Mozilla^[1] have used the term 'universal' to refer to a fat binary that includes builds for both i386 (32-bit Intel) and x86_64 systems. The same mechanism that is used to select between the PowerPC or Intel builds of an application is also used to select between the 32-bit or 64-bit builds of either PowerPC or Intel architectures.

Apple, however, continued to require native compatibility with both PowerPC and Intel in order to grant third-party software publishers permission to use Apple's trademarks related to universal binaries.^[2] Apple does not specify whether or not such third-party software publishers must (or should) bundle separate builds for all architectures.

Universal binaries were introduced into Mac OS at the 2005 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a means to ease the transition from the existing PowerPC architecture to systems based on Intel processors, which began shipping in 2006. Universal binaries typically include both PowerPC and x86 versions of a compiled application. The operating system detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary.

Starting with Mac OS X Snow Leopard, only Intel-based Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends upon capabilities present only in Mac OS X 10.6 or newer will only run on Intel-based Macs and therefore does not require Intel/PPC fat binaries. Additionally, starting with OS X Lion, only 64-bit Intel Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends on new features in OS X 10.7 or newer will only run on 64-bit processors and therefore does not require 32-bit/64-bit fat binaries.^[3][4] Fat binaries would only be necessary for software that is designed to have backward compatibility with older versions of Mac OS X running on older hardware.

The new Universal 2 binary format was introduced at the 2020 Worldwide Developers Conference.^[5] Universal 2 allows applications to run on both Intelx86-64-based and ARM64-based Macintosh computers, to enable the transition to Apple silicon.

Devices and Mac OS X version VLC media player requires Mac OS X 10.7.5 or later. It runs on any Mac with a 64-bit Intel processor or an Apple Silicon chip. Previous devices are supported by older releases. Play AC3 audio in DivX Player on Windows or Mac computers. Enjoy AC3 audio at home or on the go with DivX devices that support AC3. Ad-Free We get it, ads can ruin a good experience. It’s a great way to help keep our software free, but that doesn’t mean you want to see ads in DivX Player, DivX Converter or when installing the software.

Motivation[edit]

There are two general alternative solutions. The first is to simply provide two separate binaries, one compiled for the x86 architecture and one for the PowerPC architecture. However, this can be confusing to software users unfamiliar with the difference between the two, although the confusion can be remedied through improved documentation, or the use of hybrid CDs. The other alternative is to rely on emulation of one architecture by a system running the other architecture. This approach results in lower performance, and is generally regarded an interim solution to be used only until universal binaries or specifically compiled binaries are available as with Rosetta.

Universal binaries are larger than single-platform binaries, because multiple copies of the compiled code must be stored. However, because some non-executable resources are shared by the two architectures, the size of the resulting universal binary can be, and usually is, smaller than both binaries combined. They also do not require extra RAM because only one of those two copies is loaded for execution.

History[edit]

The concept of a universal binary originated with 'Multi-Architecture Binaries' in NeXTSTEP, the main architectural foundation of Mac OS X. NeXTSTEP supports universal binaries so that one executable image can run on multiple architectures, including Motorola's m68k, Intel's x86, Sun Microsystems's SPARC, and Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC. NeXTSTEP and macOS use Mach-O archive as the binary format underlying the universal binary.

Apple previously used a similar technique during the transition from 68k processors to PowerPC in the mid-1990s. These dual-platform executables are called fat binaries, referring to their larger file size.

Apple's Xcode 2.1 supports the creation of these files, a new feature in that release. A simple application developed with processor-independence in mind might require very few changes to compile as a universal binary, but a complex application designed to take advantage of architecture-specific features might require substantial modification. Applications originally built using other development tools might require additional modification. These reasons have been given for the delay between the introduction of Intel-based Macintosh computers and the availability of third-party applications in universal binary format. Apple's delivery of Intel-based computers several months ahead of their previously announced schedule is another factor in this gap.

Apple's Xcode 2.4 takes the concept of universal binaries even further, by allowing four-architecture binaries to be created (32- and 64-bit for both Intel and PowerPC), therefore allowing a single executable to take full advantage of the CPU capabilities of any Mac OS X machine.

Universal applications[edit]

Many software developers have provided universal binary updates for their products since the 2005 WWDC. As of December 2008, Apple's website listed more than 7,500 Universal applications.^[6]

On April 16, 2007, Adobe Systems announced the release of Adobe Creative Suite 3, the first version of the application suite in the Universal Binary format.^[7]

From 2006 to 2010, many Mac OS X applications were ported to Universal Binary format, including QuarkXPress, Apple's own Final Cut Studio, Adobe Creative Suite, Microsoft Office 2008, and Shockwave Player with version 11 - after that time most were made Intel-only apps. Non-Universal 32-bit PowerPC programs will run on Intel Macs running Mac OS X 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6 (in most cases), but with non-optimal performance, since they must be translated on-the-fly by Rosetta; they will not run on Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and later as Rosetta is no longer part of the OS.

iOS[edit]

Apple has used the same binary format as Universal Binaries for iOS applications by default on multiple occasions of architectural co-existence: around 2010 during the armv6-armv7-armv7s transition and around 2016 during the armv7-arm64 transition. The App Store automatically thins the binaries. No trade names were derived for this practice, as it is only a concern of the developer.^[8]

Universal 2[edit]

On June 22, 2020, Apple announced a two-year permanent transition from Intelx86-64-based processors to ARM64-based Apple silicon beginning with macOS Big Sur in late 2020.^[9] To aid in this transition, a new Universal 2 binary was introduced to enable applications to be run on either x86-64-based processors or ARM64-based processors.^[5]

Tools[edit]

The main tool for handling (creating or splitting) universal binaries is the lipo command found in Xcode. The file command on macOS and several other Unix-like systems can identify Mach-O universal binaries and report architecture support.^[10]Snow Leopard's System Profiler provides this information on the Applications tab.

See also[edit]

• Xslimmer, a commercial Mac OS X application that allows the user to slim down the fat universal binaries by removing the code for the platform that is not in use.

References[edit]

1. ^'Firefox 4 for Mac OS X: Under the Hood'. November 10, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
2. ^'Mac OS X Universal Logo: Guidelines for Mac OS X Universal Logo Licenses'(PDF). Apple Inc. June 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
3. ^'Mac OS X: 64-bit kernel frequently asked questions'. Apple Inc. October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
4. ^'Does Mac OS X 10.7 'Lion' run on Macs with a 32-bit EFI? How does the performance of Mac OS X 10.7 'Lion' compare to Mac OS X 10.6 'Snow Leopard' in 'real-world' tests? @ EveryMac.com'. everymac.com. Kyle Media. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
5. ^ ^abAxon, Samuel (June 22, 2020). 'This is Apple's roadmap for moving the first Macs away from Intel'. Ars Technica. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
6. ^'Macintosh Products Guide: Universal Applications'. Apple Computer. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
7. ^'Adobe Ships Creative Suite 3'. Adobe Systems. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
8. ^'lipo - iOS fat binaries and thinning out'. Stack Overflow.
9. ^Amadeo, Ron (June 22, 2020). 'Apple announces macOS 11, 'Big Sur,' with an emphasis on design'. Ars Technica. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
10. ^stany (September 6, 2005). 'Mac OS X: Trimming fat from Mach-O fat files'. theconsultant.net. Retrieved October 18, 2013.

External links[edit]

• Apple Developer Transition Resource Center
• Apple Universal Binary Programming Guidelines

The era from when people started using Apple products have faced a severe problem of switching from Microsoft Windows OS to Apple Mac OS. One such most susceptible difficulty faced by the user is connecting them to LAN or Local Area Network. To connect a Mac and Windows PC lets see what we need to do.

First let’s see what should be done on Windows:

• The Windows PC and Mac both should have different computer name but same work group name. (Start→ My computer (properties) → Computer name → change)
• The Firewall of windows should be turned OFF.
• During assigning IP address to Windows, it should be of the same class as Mac (either A or B or C) but last bit of it should be a different.

After assigning IP to windows. Let us see, what we need to do in Mac:

• Turn ON file sharing [System preference → Sharing → [+] to add folder to be shared → Give the permissions to user accordingly]
• In file sharing on right bottom check for Option and click on it. You will get two options called, Share file and Folder using SMB.
• Press Command + K to connect to the server. Enter IP address of windows computer to be accessed. ( You can connect as many PCs as you wish.)

In the left sidebar of finder, you can see the connected PC’s and its shared folders. While connecting them using wired LAN use cross-over STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable. To connect wireless use WAP (Wireless Access Pointer).

Note and conclusion:

Now you would be able to connect Windows OS and Mac OS using LAN and WLAN. Hope this article helped you, do share it and feel free to ask me if any DigitSpeak Support forum required.

Mac Os Versions

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Floccy Land Mac OS