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What is All Macintosh Roms (68K + PPC)? This is an archive containing all of the most popular Macintosh models ROM files for emulation purposes, ranging from the first 64K ROM from the Mac 128K to the 4MB ROM files from the Bandai Pippin or PowerMac G3, listed below in ROM size, then by release date from oldest to newest.

Terminal (Terminal.app) is the terminal emulator included in the macOSoperating system by Apple.^[1] Terminal originated in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, the predecessor operating systems of macOS.^[2]

As a terminal emulator, the application provides text-based access to the operating system, in contrast to the mostly graphical nature of the user experience of macOS, by providing a command-line interface to the operating system when used in conjunction with a Unix shell, such as zsh (the default shell in macOS Catalina^[3]).^[4] The user can choose other shells available with macOS, such as the KornShell, tcsh, and bash.^[4][5]

The preferences dialog for Terminal.app in OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) and later offers choices for values of the TERM environment variable. Available options are ansi, dtterm, nsterm, rxvt, vt52, vt100, vt102, xterm, xterm-16color and xterm-256color, which differ from the OS X 10.5 (Leopard) choices by dropping the xterm-color and adding xterm-16color and xterm-256color. These settings do not alter the operation of Terminal, and the xterm settings do not match the behavior of xterm.^[6]

Terminal includes several features that specifically access macOS APIs and features. These include the ability to use the standard macOS Help search function to find manual pages and integration with Spotlight.^{[citation needed]} Terminal was used by Apple as a showcase for macOS graphics APIs in early advertising of Mac OS X,^{[citation needed]} offering a range of custom font and coloring options, including transparent backgrounds.

See also[edit]

• iTerm2, GPL-licensed terminal emulator for macOS
• Terminator, open-source terminal emulator programmed in Java

References[edit]

1. ^'What Is Mac OS X - All Applications and Utilities - Terminal'. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
2. ^Wünschiers, Röbbe (January 1, 2004). Computational Biology: Unix/Linux, data processing and programming : with 19 figures and 12 tables. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9783540211426.
3. ^'Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac'. Apple Support. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
4. ^ ^abMcElhearn, Kirk (December 26, 2006). The Mac OS X Command Line: Unix Under the Hood. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9780470113851.
5. ^Kissell, Joe (January 1, 2009). Take Control of the Mac Command Line with Terminal. TidBITS Publishing, Inc. ISBN9781933671550.
6. ^'nsterm - AppKit Terminal.app', terminfo.src, retrieved June 7, 2013

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MAC Layer Function:

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1. Mapping between logical channels and transport channel.
2. Multiplexing of MAC SDU form one or more different logical channels onto the transport blocks.
3. Those Transport blocks will be delivered to the physical channel.
4. De-multiplexing for MAC PDUs from transport blocks from physical channel to transport channel.
5. Error correction through HARQ.
6. Logical channel prioritization
7. Transport format selection.

Some of the functions are specific to UE and some of them are specific to eNB.

Below is the detailed image of the correct functions:

MAC function location and link direction association.

MAC Architecture:

From the above image, we can see can see that MAC layer has multiple entities in its architecture.

1. Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing:

   Its function is to composing and decomposing of multiple MAC PDU to and from the transport channels.

2. Logical channel Prioritisation:

   This entity will tell how much data from each logical channel should be included in each MAC PDU.

3. HARQ:

   It preforms Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request, which includes automatic transmission of transport packets, retransmission of transport blocks.

4. Control Entity:

   It handles DRX resource requests, power headroom report.

MAC layer sits between RLC layer and PHY layer.

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PCCH is mapped to PCH
BCCH is mapped to BCH and HARQ
CCCH, DCCH, DTCH is mapped to Logical Channel prioritization.

MAC PDU

There are 3 different types of MAC PDU

1. MAC PDU for Transparent MAC
2. MAC PDU for DL-SCH and UL-SCH
3. MAC PDU for Random Access Response

A MAC PDU can contain:

MAC header
Zero or more MAC control elements
Zero or more MAC SDU
Optional Padding

MAC control elements are placed before any MAC SDU
Padding occurs at the end of the MAC PDU

1. MAC PDU for Transparent MAC

It has only one MAC SDU
THe size of SDU is equal to the TB size

2. MAC PDU for DL-SCH and UL-SCH

In the sub header:
R: Reserved Bits
E : Extension. If set 1, indicates that another sub header follows. Else MAC control elements/SDU/padding starts at next byte.
LCID : Logical channel Identifiers. 15 values are there.
L : Length in bytes
F : If set 0, when length of MAC CE/SDU is less then 128 bytes. Indicates “L” fields of 7 bits.
If set 1, when length of MAC CE/SDU is more then 127 bytes. Indicates “L” fields of 15 bits.

The first MAC PDU subheader consists of the three header fields E/T/RAPID

The second MAC PDU subheader consists of the five header field E/T/R/R/BI

The third MAC PDU subheader consists of the 4 header field R/R/E/LCID

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3. MAC PDU for Random Access Response

A MAC PDU consists of a MAC header and zero or more MAC Random Access Responses (MAC RAR) and optionally padding

The first MAC PDU subheader consists of the three header fields E/T/RAPID
The second MAC PDU subheader consists of the three header fields E/T/R/R/BI (Backoff Indicator)

Can 1 mac PDU can contain multiple Random Access Responses? Yes.

MAC Procedures:

1. Random Access Procedure
2. DL-SCH Data Transfer
3. UL-SCH Data Transfer
4. PCH Reception
5. BCH Reception
6. Discontinuous Reception
7. MAC Reconfiguration
8. MAC Reset

4. MAC Control Element

1. Downlink MAC CE [eNB to UE perspective]

2. Uplink MAC CE [UE to eNB perspective]

All MAC Control Elements:

Brief explanation of MAC CE:

1. Buffer Status Report (BSR) MAC control element.

It is sued to indicate eNB the Buffer size in bytes for all logical channels in a logical channel group.

There are two types of BSR:
1. Short BSR and Truncated BSR for,at
2. Long BSR

2. C-RNTI MAC control element.

Used to indicate to eNB the C-RNIT of the UE

3. UE contention Resolution Identity MAC control element.

It is used during contention resolution phase to contain CCCH SDU.

4. Timing Advanced Command MAC control element

Indicates the timing adjustment that the UE has to apply.

5. DRX command MAC control element.

6. Power Headroom MAC control element.

List Of Tutorials available in this website:

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